THE PATTERN AND ITS COMMUNICATIVE ABILITY

Patterns are among the most common and fundamental graphic elements that every graphic designer has created at least once. They are one of the primary forms of visual communication and are widely used in the world of graphic design due to their versatility and strong expressive and communicative power.

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The definition of pattern

The term pattern is of English origin and means "arrangement." However, depending on the context, it is used to describe a "design, model, recurring scheme, repetitive structure." 

In architecture and design, it refers to an orderly repetition of shapes or graphic elements, known as motifs. These are repeated within a regular, linear grid according to the principles of translational symmetry and modularity, creating a visually coherent and rhythmic composition. Patterns can range from simple repetitive geometries to complex intricate and decorative designs. Their repetitive nature also makes them useful in multiple applications, adding a unique aesthetic touch to any project.

Observing the reality that surrounds us, from the simplest forms of nature, we realize that we are surrounded by patterns. The human brain is in fact accustomed to this repetition, which suggests a feeling of order and harmony.

Be careful, however, not to confuse patterns with other forms of composition. There is often a risk of confusing patterns and textures. 

Te xture is, in fact, a physical property of materials, and describes all the techniques used to give an image characteristics that suggest tactile sensations. More precisely, we should therefore refer to visual texture.

The different types of patterns

There are various categories of patterns, which differ in terms of the type of basic motif and its repetition and composition. 

Classification by compositional elements

The basic motif used for the composition can be of various kinds, from which a first classification of the pattern derives:

– Geometric Patterns: Based on simple geometric shapes such as squares, circles, triangles, and straight lines. These patterns are often used for their precision and simplicity.

– Organic Patterns: Inspired by natural shapes, such as leaves, flowers, and waves. These patterns tend to have a more fluid and natural appearance.

– Abstract Patterns: Characterized by non-representational, stylized shapes that create an interesting and modern visual effect. These patterns can be highly creative and artistic.

– Figurative Patterns: Based on recognizable images, such as animals, people, or objects, these patterns tell a visual story through their repetitions.

Classification by composition

The main distinction is between regular and irregular patterns.

             Example: Regular Pattern Example: Irregular Pattern

Regular or Geometric Patterns

This is undoubtedly the most common and well-known type, in which the basic motif is repeated a certain number of times according to a "predictable" pattern.

There are many ways to repeat a pattern regularly, which is why there are different types of regular patterns:  

– Block repetition: this is the simplest and most common type, characterized by the regular repetition of the pattern along both the vertical and horizontal axes. Widely used in traditional Sicilian majolica tiles.

– Alternating repetition: in this case, the pattern is repeated regularly on only one of the two axes, resulting in a composition in which the pattern is repeated offset by half the height of the module.

– Mirror repetition: includes all patterns in which the motif alternates symmetrically, both horizontally and vertically.

– Repetition by rotation: for a more natural and less geometric effect, in this case the motif is repeated after a rotation of 90° or 180°, giving the pattern a more organic appearance.

Irregular Patterns

As mentioned, there is no strict rule defining how a motif should be repeated within a grid.

The motif underlying a pattern does not necessarily have to be repeated regularly. In some situations, the repeated motif may vary in shape, color, or size, as shown in the image above, while remaining recognizable.

In other cases, the motifs can be arranged in an organic and spontaneous manner rather than geometrically, creating more natural and fluid compositions. Sometimes, the entire motif is not repeated, but only the elements that compose it. These elements, having very strong similarities between them, give an impression of regularity.

Complex patterns

In addition to regular and irregular patterns, we often encounter a third type, which we can identify as complex patterns.

These are all cases in which a pattern is designed by combining two or more of the repetition techniques we have already seen. This category also includes patterns that are the result of geometric but non-linear repetition:

– Radial Patterns: where the pattern is repeated in all directions from a central point.

– Gradation pattern: in this case, the pattern is repeated geometrically, but its size is gradually modified.

and/or color.

Example: Gradation pattern Example: Radial pattern     

How to draw a pattern

Creating an effective pattern requires a combination of creativity, precision, and an understanding of design techniques. Here is a basic guide on how to draw a pattern:

1. Choose a Theme: decide on the type of pattern you want to create and the theme you want to represent.

2. Draw the Basic Motif: draw the single element that will be repeated in the pattern. This could be a geometric shape, a natural element, or any other shape that is useful for representing the chosen theme.

3. Define the Grid: Set the grid on which the basic motif will be repeated. This will determine the structure of your pattern.

4. Repeat and Refine: Repeat the pattern according to the established grid, ensuring that the repetitions align perfectly. Make any necessary adjustments to improve the consistency and aesthetics of the pattern.

5. Color and Test: Apply colors and styles that enhance the overall design. Test the pattern on different surfaces to ensure it maintains its visual effectiveness.

The applications of patterns in the world of graphics

Patterns are an influential tool, which is why they are widely used in many fields of design and graphics, thanks to their versatility and ability to add visual depth and interest. Once you have learned the techniques for designing a pattern, it is essential to understand the strategies for applying them in order to make the most of their qualities.

Some of the main applications include:

– Branding and Identity: many brands use distinctive patterns to create a recognizable and appealing visual identity. In these cases, the logo, or part of it, is used as the basic motif of the composition.

– Packaging: the pattern's strong communicative power allows for product and packaging differentiation while also creating continuity in the case of products offered in different variants.

– Web Design and UI/UX: patterns can be used as backgrounds, textures, and decorative elements to improve the aesthetics and navigability of websites and applications.

– Publishing: Patterns are versatile tools in editorial design, used to improve aesthetics, organize content, and strengthen the visual identity of publications, making them more attractive and functional for readers. 

– Graphic Art and Illustration: Artists and illustrators use patterns to add complexity and detail to their work, often integrating them into larger compositions.

– Interior Design: Patterns are widely used in interior decoration, including wallpaper, carpets, and tiles, to create specific atmospheres and themes.

– Textile Design: Patterns are fundamental in the design of fabrics for clothing, upholstery, and other textile products.

In conclusion, patterns are powerful tools in design and graphics, capable of communicating emotions, themes, and visual identities in an effective and artistic way. Their versatility makes them indispensable in many applications, helping to create visually appealing and functional works.